Hemispheric specialization: Split brain team at Caltech
Callosotomy
Callosal Syndromes
Dichotic Listening Results
Two-mindedness in normals
Hemispheric dominance
Hemispheric Skills
Hemispheric-level dysfunction – e.g. Scz Dominance Failure
Right Hemisphere Dysfunction
“Autobiographical dysfunction” in ASD
Gray Matter Density Age Peak
Strongest EEG Connectivity-Age Function in T5
Aging on the brain
Bilateral GM Reduction with Age
Developmental Model
Neuropsychological models of emotional experience
Linguistic Competence that requires intact interhemispheric language systems
Polysemantic Processing
Gray Matter Density by Age
Functional Neuroimaging Differences
Reliable Functional Sex Differences
Functional Dichotomies
Michelangelo’s depiction- God as Right Brain
TOPICS- Cortical and Limbic Lobes
Aging pattern various by brain area
General function of each lobe
Functional Axes
Primary & Association Cortex
Priority mapping - Amount of sensorimotor cortex dedicated to a body part is proportional not to the part’s size but to its fine control or sensitivity (in motor and somato-sensory cortex).
Mammal - Stimulus > “Judgment” > Response
Our 10 Senses
Smell, Sight, Sound Brains
TEMPORAL LOBE
Eidetic memory
Savant Syndrome
Splinter Skills - Right hemisphere skills routinized
Infant Amnesia
Primacy & Recency Effects
Retrieval Types
Patient H.M.
Explicit vs implicit memory
Proactive Interference Exercise
Medial Temporal Lobe vs. Korsakoff’s
Dorsal and Ventral Streams
Parietal Lobes
Parietal Lobe Function
Visual Spatial Disorders
Spatial Localization
Assessment
Somatoperceptual Disorders
Three Types of Object in the World - Words – Objects – Faces
Stages of processing:
Percept and Identity
Associative and Apperceptive agnosia
Line Bisection Test
Eyes Scan Pattern
Evidence of implicit recognition
Kinsbourne’s hypothesis
Acalculia
Apraxia
Occipital Lobe
TOPICS- Executive Functions
Phineas Gage
History of Frontal Lobotomy
Prefrontal Cortex: Distinguishes Homo Sapiens from other mammals
Frontal lobe asymmetry (i.e., torque)
Frontal Lobe Functions
Response to Environmental Cues
Recent (“Electro-static”) Memory
Interpersonal Behaviors
Motor Function
Divergent Thinking, Agency, Strategy
Another summary of frontal lobe dysfunction (heterogeneity of frontal lobes)
Prefrontal Lesions - Right DLF – mentalizing & deception
Assessment - Stroop test
Aphasia and Language Impairments - production and reception
Theory of Mind
ACC and functional correlates
Spindle cells
ACC in self-control
Primate Differences in Prefrontal Cortex (area 10)
BA 10: Episodic Memory Task, Reward Probability; Moral dilemmas
Brodmann Executive
“Plasticity of PFC"
Social Brain (reward detection, adjustment of behaviors in response to reward and punishment, intention and emotion monitoring
Emotions
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
TOPICS- Structural Disorders
Original source- Denise Malkowicz, MD
What does it mean to be “structural”?
Structural disorders - Small scale, large scale
Organic brain syndromes covers a broad area of neurological disorders which frequently co-exist with psychiatric and behavioral disorders.
Seizures, Epilepsy, - no better tx than NF treatment (sole?)
Neurodevelopmental/ neurodysgenesis --NF is reasonable treatment
Infections /Inflammation -- biomedical tx as well as NF
Dementias -- NF is reasonable treatment
Stroke -- NF is reasonable treatment
Tumors -- surgery tx as well as NF for postop recovery
Drugs/Toxic Metabolic - biomedical as well as NF
Common indicators of injury
GRAY: Low voltage activity and/or lack of any normal frequencies suggests cortical gray matter dysfunction.
WHITE: Diffuse delta and theta, maximum in frontal, central, temporal and parietal regions, suggestswhite matter damage in cortical-subcortical projections.
White Matter Lesions variety
Is Epilepsy a structural or functional disorder?
Common property: neural hyperexcitability
Common Triggers
The prime concern
Epilepsy is a symptom of brain injury or dysfunction.
While treating epilepsy is important, finding out the cause is most important.
The Sacred disease - history of epilepsy from St Paul to Joan d’Arc
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Sx
Common Myths
Epilepsy syndromes
Source of seizure localized (partial or focal onset seizures) or distributed (generalized seizures)?
Forms of Epilepsy
Behaviors which are not seizures
Epilepsy Causes (etiology)
Generalized Seizures
Absence or Petit Mal
Spike and wave
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE)
Partial Seizures - Simple & Complex
Epilepsy Treatment and Control
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Closed Head Injury: Coup and Contrecoup
Prehistoric trephination to relieve pressure
Cerebral Ischemia
Classified by EEG
EEG Grades (for TBI)
“Play with the hurts” - sports concussions
Falx damages brain
Forms of Dementia
EEG Slowing, MRI Atrophy in AD
Neurodysgenesis
Stroke
Infections
Inflammatory CNS conditions
Early Studies of Neuroplasticity
SMR Neurotherapy
Emphasis on reliable QEEG interpretation.
Standardization of QEEG-Neurofeedback protocols.
LTP and Neuroplasticity
Patient are Complex
TOPICS- CNS Basic Facts (Neurophysiology)
Neuro Review
Central Nervous System
CNS: By the Numbers
Synapses
Human neocortex has 6 layers
Adult Human Brain
Functional Heirarchy
Major Brain Axes
Cytoarchitectonic divisions
Descriptive directions (e.g., Superior vs Inferior)
Central Nervous System - fissures and gyri
Smell, Sight, Sound Brains
Primary & Association Cortex
Unilateral vs Contralateral, and Bilateral representation of senses
Aging on the brain
Myelin
Myelination across lifespan
Most important brain structure: inferior colliculus
Neurotransmitters
TOPICS- Neuroplasticity
Principles of Neuroplasticity
Cajal's decree
Neuroplasticity definition
20 Neuroplasticity Principles
1. Three properties of behavior
2. Behaviors are reflected by EEG rhythms
3. Information gating rates
4. Rhythms increase in speed with age
4. Connectivity underlies complex behavior
6. Connectivity increase with age
7. Multiple Functional Networks
8. Structural neuroplasticity
9. Persistent activity creates structure
10. Different structures, different functions
11. Thought recapitulates evolution
12. Independent processing systems
13. Priority mapping
14. Individual differences
15. Trauma and enrichment
16. Intention and learning
17. Positive and negative changes
18. Thalamocortical dysrhythmias
19. Only repeatable results matter
20. Neurotherapy relies on learning
Developmental Trajectories
Default network
Hemispheric dominance and organization
Disruption of attention styles -frontal lobe disregulation
Publication history for NF
Why evidence-based practices matter
Neurotherapy for Addiction
Neurotherapy Effectiveness for ADHD
Neurotherapy Protocol Evolution
Proof of EEG changes (learning) correlated with symptom change
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Rules of Reinforcement
Last Rule: Allow for PRS (post-reinforcement synchronization,alpha burst)
Earned PRS - indicates knowledge acquisition
Why SKIL Trainer uses trial structure and 1.5 second pause after rewards
FROM FALL 2010 and for Winter 2012
TOPICS- Functional Disorders
Psychopathology
Weston State Hospital problems at admission, 1864-89
20th Century -Mental illness conceived as bad habits (mental, behavioral)
Textbook:
Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (5th or 6th edition).